Global news media, as well as prominent scientists, are highlighting the crisis in both physics and cosmology, and predicting a major revolution in science.
Global newspapers (BBC News, The New York Times, The Guardian, Forbes, et al) are raising alarm over the crisis in both physics and cosmology. An article in The Guardian announced that the two pillars of modern physics are fundamentally incompatible, and are in bitter conflict [Ref. 1a]. Physics faces crisis on multiple fronts [Ref. 1b]. Professor Fulvio Melia [Ref.2] has seriously challenged the presently accepted model of the universe, the Standard model of cosmology (SMC), and attacked its severe shortcomings. He advocated a complete paradigm shift. Professor Pavel Kroupa has claimed that the crisis in cosmology is now catastrophic [Ref.3]. Physics and cosmology are both in crisis because of wrong model of the universe. A Nature Astronomy paper [Ref.4] claimed with 99% confidence level that the universe is closed. Another paper [Ref.5] claimed betting odds of 2000 ∶ 1 against an open, flat and infinite universe. Both papers have mortally wounded the SMC, but have paved the way for superseding the two greatest theories of physics (Einstein’s relativity and quantum mechanics) into a ‘theory of everything’. A scientific revolution is long-overdue.
In the early 20th century, at Mt. Wilson Observatory, Edwin Hubble discovered that the universe is expanding. But that is not the end of the story, because the presently accepted model of the universe cannot even satisfactorily answer an innocent question which a child might ask "if the universe is expanding, what is it expanding into?" Even more embarrassingly, scientists have not been able to locate a center of the universe. Only a balloon shaped universe can rescue cosmology from this situation. There is a true center of the balloon, but it does not lie anywhere on the surface. The only difference is: a balloon has a 2D surface, and exists in 3D space; while the (hyper) balloon universe has a 3D surface and exists in 4D (hyper) space. The inflating balloon analogy for an expanding universe is perfect. Readers might object to a 4D (hyper) space, which is never observed in daily life. However, one must note that a 2D being will never be aware of the presence of an embedding third dimension. This fact has been highlighted in the novella Flatland: A Romance of Many Dimensions. Similarly, any human trapped in a 3D (hyper) surface will never be aware of the embedding 4D (hyper) space.
Hints of the 4th space (spatial) dimension have already been detected by two separate research teams, in US and in Europe [Ref. 6]. Both of these experiments utilized a phenomenon known as the quantum Hall effect, which strongly hinted that the true geometry of nature is 4D. It is within this 4D vacuum that the (hyper) balloon universe is embedded, and into which the universe is expanding. Time itself is not the fourth dimension, but emerges due to motion along fourth space dimension. Nature's true geometry is also revealed and demonstrated by the ‘Principle of Least Action (PLA)', from which ALL KNOWN laws of physics can be derived. PLA can be generalized to the ‘Principle of Maximum Proper Time', which reduces to a shockingly simple statement: "The least distance between two points in 4D (hyper) space is a straight line". That should be sufficient to convince any scientist; but nature goes farther still. Kaluza’s miracle of obtaining Maxwell’s electromagnetic equations in addition to Einstein’s gravity-field equations [Ref. 7] seemed to exact a heavy price: A fifth dimension was needed as an embedding space. However, four dimensions are sufficient. The 4th dimension was mistaken for a fifth dimension because of improper understanding of imaginary numbers. Further, before claiming that evidences and observations points against any embedment in a higher dimension space, readers should kindly note that most of the objections (like absence of infinite towers of particles required for validation of Kaluza-Klein theory, which is a membrane theory in a higher dimension embedment) are based on wrong assumption of Oscar Klein. His analogy of embedment in a higher dimensional space with a hose-pipe (having a physically curled-up dimension) has pushed physics away from a miraculous unification to a blind alley. Even, the logics like “Forces fall off with the square of distance, not the cube” and “One can block cubes by surrounding them on 6 sides, without needing to block 24 sides” fail to disprove the existence of 4th space dimension, because every particle and every force (including gravity) are confined within the 3D (hyper) surface. The possibility of a fourth space (spatial) dimension has been strongly suspected since the time of Greek philosopher Aristotle. Hints of a 4th space dimension [Ref. 8] are simply too ubiquitous and too many to be ignored. Lastly, and most importantly, very soon Euclid telescope or the DESI (Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument) team can conclusively find out whether the universe is embedded in a 4th space dimension. Only a plot of number of galaxies versus distance is needed to prove that the universe is positively curved, and hence is necessarily closed and finite, and therefore, must be embedded in a 4D hyper-space.
REFERENCES:
1a) Relativity versus quantum mechanics: the battle for the universe
https://www.theguardian.com/news/2015/nov/04/relativity-quantum-mechanics-universe-physicists
1b) World's largest physics conference in Las Vegas will be grand; but will it be worthwhile?
2) A Candid Assessment of Standard Cosmology
https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1538-3873/aca51f/meta
3) The Crisis in Cosmology is now catastrophic
https://darkmattercrisis.wordpress.com/2020/11/10/the-crisis-in-cosmology-is-now-catastrophic/
4) Planck evidence for a closed Universe and a possible crisis for cosmology https://www.nature.com/articles/s41550-019-0906-9
5) Curvature tension: Evidence for a closed universe
https://journals.aps.org/prd/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevD.103.L041301
6) Hints of the 4th dimension have been detected by physicists
7) Kaluza–Klein theory (Wikipedia)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaluza%E2%80%93Klein_theory
8) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four-dimensional_space
About:
Mr. Joseph T. Kurien (a former Cochin University graduate who completed his M.S. in the US) is an independent researcher and a part-time science writer. He presently works in Manappuram software and consultancy.
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